Exam One Study Questions

Exam One Study Questions

Identifications

Identifications:

"If you listen by that grave, in the sun and shower,
With your ear down, little Alice never cries;
Could we see her face, be sure we should not know her...
And merry go her moments, lulled and stilled in
The shroud by the kirk chime
"It is good when it happens", say the children,
"That we die before our time."

Elizabeth Barrett Browning, "The Cry of the Children"

Death closes all; but something ere the end,
Some work of noble note, may yet be done,
Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods...
Come, my friends,
'Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
Push off, and sitting well in order smite
The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
Of all the western stars, until I die.

Alfred Tennyson, ?Ulysses?

1. "How dull it is to pause, to make an end,
To rust unburnished, not to shine in use."
Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Ulysses"

2. "They have entered at once upon the stern realities and miseries of life...Tell them of hunger ans the streets, beggary and stripes, the gin-shop, the station-house, and the pawnbroker's , and they will understand you."
Charles Dickens's "A Visit to Newgate"

1. When, therefore, the doting husband loaded his handsome bride with diamond bracelets and necklaces, and with silks and brocades that were stiff and unmanageable from their very richness, -when he carried her straight from the Potteries to the Isle of Wight, and lodged her in spacious apartments at the best hotel in Ryde, and flung his money here and there, as if he had carried the lamp of Aladdin in his coat-pocket, -[she] remonstrated with her new master, fearing that his love had driven him mad, and that this alarming extravagance was the first outburst of insanity.
-Aurora Floyd: page 56

2. ?The Leaders of Industry, if Industry is ever to be led, are virtually the Captains of the World; if there be no nobleness in them, there will never be an Aristocracy more?[they] are true Fighters, henceforth recognizable as the only true ones: Fighters against Chaos, Necessity and the Devils and Jotuns, and lead on Mankind in that great, and alone true, and universal welfare; the stars in their courses fighting for them, and all Heaven and all Earth saying audibly, Well done!?
-Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle: page 1030

1: "So that, if I say that the greatest picture is that which conveys to the mind of the spectator the greatest number of ideas, I have a definition which will include as subjects of comparison every pleasure which art is capable of conveying. If I were to say, on the contrary, that the best picture was that which most closely imitated nature; and I should cast out of the pale of criticism those parts of works of art which are not imitative, that is to say, intrinsic beauties of color and form, and those works of art wholly, which, like the Arabesques of Raffaelle in the Loggias, are not imitative at all."
Answer: John Ruskin, "Modern Painters"

ID 2: "Men do not want solely the obedience of women, they want their sentiments."
Answer: John Stuart Mill, "The Subjection of Women"

1.)'"One of these cloths is heaven, and one is hell,
Now choose one cloth forever, which they be,
I will not tell you, you must somehow tell'"

William Morris, "The Defence of Guenevere"

2.)"...they stand within one one yard of a fellow creature, bound and helpless, whose hours are numbered, from whom the last feeble ray of hope has fled for ever, and whose miserable career will shortly terminate in a violent and shameful death."

Charles Dickens, "A Visit to Newgate"

?Though still she stood right up, and never shrunk/
But spoke on bravely, glorious lady fair!/
Whatever tears her full lips may have drunk/
She stood, and seemed to think, and wrung her hair/
Spoke out at last with no more trace of shame/
With passionate twisting of her body there?

Answer: William Morris, ?The Defence of Guenevere?

?So it was.
I broke the copious curls upon my head/
In braids, because she liked smooth-ordered hair/
I left off saying my sweet Tuscan words/
Which still at any stirring of my heart/
Came up to float across the English phrase/
As lilies?

Answer: Elizabeth Barrett Browning, ?Aurora Leigh?

1.)'"One of these cloths is heaven, and one is hell,
Now choose one cloth forever, which they be,
I will not tell you, you must somehow tell'"

William Morris, "The Defence of Guenevere"

Charles Dickens, "A Visit to Newgate"

1. We are not now that strength which in old days
Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are-
One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

Ulysses by Alfred, Lord Tennyson

2. The voice of the clergyman recalls him to himself. He is reading from the sacred book its solemn promises of pardon of repentance, and its awful denunciation of obdurate men. He falls upon his knees and clasps his hands to pray. Hush! what sound was that? He starts upon his feet. It cannot be two yet. Hark! Two quarters have struck;-the third-the fourth. It is! Six hours left. Tell him not of repentance! Six hours? repentance for eight times six years of guilt and sin!

A Visit to Newgate by Charles Dickens

1)
I think I see my father’s sister stand
Upon the hall-step of her country-house
To give me welcome. She stood straight and calm,
Her somewhat narrow forehead braided tight
As if for taming accidental thoughts
From possible pulses; brown hair pricked with gray
By frigid use of life (she was not old,
Although my father’s elder by a year),
A nose drawn sharply, yet in delicate lines;
A close mild mouth, a little soured about
The ends, through speaking unrequited loves
Or peradventure niggardly half-truths;
Eyes of no colour,-- once they might have smiled,
But never, never have forgot themselves
In smiling; cheeks, in which was yet a rose in a book,
Kept more for ruth than pleasure,-- if past bloom,
Past fading also.

Answer: Aurora Leigh, Elizabeth Barrett Browning

2)
Now commences an important era in my life. I was a fine, robust, healthy girl, 13 years of age. I had larked with the boys of my own age. I had huddled with them, boys and girls togethe r, all night long in our common haunts. I had seen much and heard abundantly of the mysteries of the sexes. To me such things had been matters of common sight and common talk. For some time I had trembled and coquetted on the verge of a strong curiosity, and a natural desire, and without a particle of affection, scarce a partiality, I lost what? not my virtue, for I never had any. That which is commonly, but untruly called virtue, I gave away.

Answer: The Great Social Evil, Anonymous

One fine frosty day,
My stomach being empty as your hat,?
And so along the wall, over the bridge,
By the straight cut to the convent. Six words there,
While I stood munching my first bread that month:
"So, boy, you're minded," quoth the good fat father
Wiping his own mouth, 'twas refection-time,--
"To quit this very miserable world?
Will you renounce" . . . "the mouthful of bread?" thought I;
By no means! Brief, they made a monk of me;

Answer: Robert Browning, ?Fra Lippo Lippi?

One of these cloths is heaven, and one is hell,
Now choose one cloth forever, which they be,
I will not tell you, you must somehow tell

Answer: William Morris, ?The Defense of Guenevere?

1.)
It is to you I call: ye know at least this, That the mandate of God to His creature man is: Work! The future of the Epic of the World rests no with those that are near dead, but with those that are alive, and those that are coming into life.?

Answer: Thomas Carlyle, From Past and Present

2.)
?True," say the children, ?it may happen
That we die before our time:
Little Alice died last year, her grave is shapen
Like a snowball, in the rime.
We looked into the pit prepared to take her:
Was no room for any work in the close clay!

> From the sleep wherein she lieth none will wake her,

Crying, ?Get up, little Alice! It is day.?
If you listen by that grave, in sun and shower,
With your ear down, little Alice never cries;
Could we see her face, be sure we should not know her,
For the smile has time for growing in her eyes:
And merry go her moments, lulled and stilled in
The shroud by the kirk chime.
It is good when it happens,? say the children,
?That we die before our time.?

Answer: Elizabeth Barret Browning, The Cry of the Children

1.
It is a cruel calumny to call them in mass prostitutes; and, as for their virtue, they lose it as one loses his watch who is robbed by the highway thief. Their virtue is the watch, and society is the thief. These poor women toiling on starvation wages, while penury, misery, and famine clutch them by the throat and say, "Render up your body or die."

Answer: Anonymous, "The Great Social Evil"

2.
It is through the cultivation of these that society both does its duty and protects its interest: not by rejecting the stuff of which heroes are made, because it knows not how to make them. A person whose desires and impulses are his own--are the expression of his own nature, as it has been developed and modified by his own culture--is said to have a character. One whose desires and impulses are not his own, has no character, no more than a steam engine has character.

Answer: John Stuart Mill, "On Liberty"

1.) But the woman?s power is for rule, not for battle,-and her intellect is not for invention or creation, but for sweet ordering, arrangement, and decision.

Answer: John Ruskin, ?From Of Queen?s Garden?

2.) If you listen by that grave, in sun and shower, With your ear down, little Alice never cries; Could we see her face, be sure we should not know her, For the smile has time for growing in her eyes: And merry go her moments, lulled and stilled in The shroud by the kirk chime. It is good when it happens,? say the children, ?That we die before our time.?

Answer: Elizabeth Barrett Browning, ?The Cry of the Children?

1) She said what she pleased; thought, spoke, acted as she pleased; learned what she pleased; and she grew into a bright impetuous being, affectionate and generous-hearted as her mother, but with some touch of native fire blended in her mould that stamped her as original.

Answer: Mary Elizabeth Braddon, Aurora Floyd

2) For always roaming with a hungry heart
Much have I seen and known-cities of men
And manners, climates, councils, governments,
Myself not least, but honored of them all-
And drunk delight of battle with my peers

Answer: Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses

1. It is a cruel calumny to call them in mass prostitutes; and, as for their virtue, they lose it as one loses a watch who is robbed by the highway thief. Their virtue is the watch, and society is the thief. These poor women toiling on starvation wages, while penury, misery, and famine clutch them by the throat and say, ?Render up your body or die.?

Answer: Anonymous, ?The Great Social Evil?

2. It is through the cultivation of these that society both does its duty and protects its interest: not by rejecting the stuff by which heroes are made, because it knows not how to make them. A person whose desires and impulses are his own?are the expression of his own nature, as it has been developed and modified by his own culture?is said to have character. One whose desires and impulses are not his own, has no character, no more than a steam engine has character.

Answer: John Stuart Mill, ?On Liberty?

1. “Alas, alas, the children! they are seeking

Death in life, as best to have

They are binding up their hearts away from breaking,

With ceremen from the grave.

Go out children, from the mine to the city,

- Answer: Elizabeth Barrett Browning, The Cry of the Children

2. I am poor brother Lippo, by your leep!

You need not cap your torches to my face

Zooks, what’s to blame? you think you see a monk!

And here you catch me at an alley’s end

Where sportive ladies leave their doors ajar?

- Answer: Fra Lippo Lippi

ID) A period of unconsciousness succeeds. He wakes, cold and wretched. The dull gray light of morning is stealing into the cell, and falls upon the form of the attendant turnkey. Confused by his dreams, he starts from his uneasy bed in momentary uncertainty. It is but momentary. Every object in the narrow cell is too frightfully real to admit of doubt or mistake. He is the condemned felon again, guilty and despairing; and in two hours more will be dead.

Charles Dickens, A Visit To Newgate

ID) ?Nevertheless you, O Sir Gauwaine, lie,
Whatever may have happened through these years,
God knows I speak truth, saying that you lie.?

William Morris, The Defence Of Guenevere

Most blameless is he, centered in the sphere
Of common duties, decent not to fail
In offices of tenderness, and pay
Meet adoration to my household gods,
When I am gone. He works his work, I mine.
-Alfred Lord Tennyson. Ulysses

Without a poet's individualism
To work your universal. It takes a soul,
To move a body
-Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Aurora Leigh

1.) I cannot rest from travel; I will drink

Life to the lees. All times I have enjoyed

Greatly, have suffered greatly, both with those

That love me, and alone; on shore, and when

Through scudding drifts the rainy Hyades

Vexed the dim sea.

Answer: Ulysses, Alfred, Lord Tennyson

2.) A little farther on, a squalid-looking woman in a slovenly, thick- bordered cap, with her arms muffled in a large red shawl, the fringed ends of which straggled nearly to the bottom of a dirty white apron, was communicating some instructions to her visitor - her daughter evidently. The girl was thinly clad, and shaking with the cold. Some ordinary word of recognition passed between her and her mother when she appeared at the grating, but neither hope, condolence, regret, nor affection was expressed on either side. The mother whispered her instructions, and the girl received them with her pinched-up, half-starved features twisted into an expression of careful cunning. It was some scheme for the woman's defense that she was disclosing, perhaps; and a sullen smile came over the girl's face for an instant, as if she were pleased: not so much at the probability of her mother's liberation, as at the chance of her 'getting off' in spite of her prosecutors.

Answer: A Visit to Newgate, Charles Dickens

1. "A person whose desires and impulses are his own- are the expression of his own nature, as it has been developed and modified by his own culture- is said to have a character. One whose desires and impulses are not his own, has no character, no more than a steam engine has a character. If, in addition to being his own, his impulses are strong, and are under the government of a strong will, he has an energetic character."

2. "The night is dark and cold, the gates have been left open, and in an instant he is in the street, flying from the scene of his imprisonment like the wind. The streets are cleared, the open fields are gained and the broad wide country lies before him. . He is the condemned felon again, guilty and despairing; and in two hours more he will be dead."

1. John Stuart Mill- "On Liberty"

2. Charles Dickens- "A Visit to Newgate"

ID’s:

1. We are – one equal temper of heroic hearts,

Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will

To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

Answer: Tennyson – Ulysses

2. So it was. I broke the copious curls upon my head

In braids, because she liked smooth – ordered hair.

I left off saying my sweet Tuscan words

Which still at any stirring of the heart

Came up to float across the English phrase.

Answer: Elizabeth Browning – Aurora Leigh

1.) "The Italian child, for all her blue eyes and her quiet ways, thrives ill in England: she is paler yet than when we came the last time; she will die."

Answer: Aurora Leigh, Elizabeth Barret Browning

2.) "Poverty, poverty knock! Me loom is a-sayin' all day. Poverty, poverty knock! Gaffer's too skinny to pay."

Answer: Poverty Knock, Anonymous

1) ?Not a ripple disturbed the smooth current of that brief courtship. The Yorkshireman contrived to make himself agreeable to everybody belonging to his dark-eyed divinity.?
Answer: Aurora Floyd Mary Elizabeth Braddon

2) ?A little farther on, a squalid-looking woman in a slovenly, thick-bordered cap, with her arms muffled in a large red shawl, the fringed ends of which straggled nearly to the bottom of a dirty white apron, was communicating some instructions to her visitor - her daughter evidently.?
Answer: A Visit to Newgate Charles Dickens

Identification:

I cannot rest from travel; I will drink
Life to the lees. All times I have enjoyed
Greatly, have suffered greatly, both with those
That loved me, and alone; on shore, and when
Through scudding drifts the rainy Hyades
Vexed the dim sea.

- Alfred, Lord Tennyson: ?Ulysses?

Eccentricity has always abounded when and where strength of character has abounded; and the amount of eccentricity in a society has generally been proportional to the amount of genius, mental vigor, and moral courage which it contained. That so few now dare to be eccentric marks the chief danger of the time.

- John Stuart Mill: ?On Liberty?

1. "Two words, indeed, of praying we remember,
And at midnight's hour of harm,
'Our Father,' looking upward in the chamber,
We say softly for a charm."
Elizabeth Barrett Browning: The Cry of the Children

2. "This is my son, mine own Telemachus,
To whom I lwave the scepter and the isle-
Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfill
This labor, by slow prudence to make mild
A rugged people, and through soft degrees
Subdue them to the useful and the good."
Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Ulysses

A period of unconciousness succeeds... The dull gray light of morning is stealing into the cell, and falls upon the form of the attendant turnkey. Confused by his dreams, he starts from his uneasy bed in momentary uncertainty. Its is but momentary. Every object in the narrow cell is too frightfully real to admit doubt or mistake. He is the condemmned felon again, guilty and despairing; and in two hours more will be dead.

Charles Dickens, A Visit to Newgate

Nevertheless you, O Sir Gauwaine, lie, Whatever may have happened through these years, God knows I speak truth, saying that you lie.

William Morris, The Defense of Guenevere

1: “This is the true nature of home – it is the place of Peace; the shelter, not only from all injury, bur from all terror, doubt, and division. . . . And wherever a true wife comes, this home is always round her.”

- Ruskin; From “Of Queens’ Gardens”

2: “It does seem, however, that when the opinions of masses of merely average men are everywhere become or becoming the dominant power, the counterpoise and corrective to that tendency would be the m ore and more pronounced individuality of those who stand on the higher eminences of thought.”

- J.S. Mill; From “On Liberty”

1. Do you question the young children in the sorrow,
Why their tears are falling so?
The old man may weep for his to-morrow
Which is lost in Long Ago;
The old tree is leafless in the forest,
The old year is ending in the frost,
The old wound, if stricken, is the sorest,
The old hope is hardest to be lost:
But the young, young children, O my brothers,
Do you ask them why they stand
Weeping sore before the bosoms of their mothers,
In our happy Fatherland?

Elizabeth Barrett Browning- ?The Cry of the Children?

2. This is my son, mine own Telemachus,
To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle,---
Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfil
This labour, by slow prudence to make mild
A rugged people, and thro' soft degrees
Subdue them to the useful and the good.
Most blameless is he, centred in the sphere
Of common duties, decent not to fail
In offices of tenderness, and pay
Meet adoration to my household gods,
When I am gone. He works his work, I mine.

Alfred Lord Tennyson's "Ulysses?

1. Two words, indeed, of praying we remember,
And at midnight?s hour of harm,
?Our Father,? looking upward in the chamber,
We say softly for a charm.
We know no other words except ?Our Father.?

-?The Cry of the Children? by Elizabeth Barrett Browning

2. Nothing so much astonishes the people of distant parts of the world, when they first learn anything about England, as to be told that is under a queen: the thing seems to them so unnatural as to be almost incredible. To Englishmen this does not seem in the least degree unnatural, because they are used to it, but they do feel it unnatural that women should be soldiers or members of Parliament.

-?The Subjection of Women? by John Stuart Mill

1. "I believe, if I were to rest Turner's immortality upon any single work, I should choose this. It's daring conception--ideal in the highest sense of the word--is based on the purest truth."
2. "Though much is taken, much abides; and though/We are not now that strength which in old days/ Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are--/ One equal temper of heroic hearts,/ Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will/ To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield."
1. John Ruskin "The Slave Ship"
2. Tennyson "Ulysses"

Short Answer

In Aurora Floyd, Mary Elizabeth Braddon represents the conventional 19th century British woman through the character of Lucy Floyd and foils her character with that of Aurora Floyd. Compare and contrast Lucy Floyd and Aurora Floyd using examples from the novel.

- Fair haired vs. dark haired
- pensive vs. passionate
- interested in socializing vs. interested in gambling/horseracing
- both fall in love with Talbot (a source of pride/representative of society)
- both succumb to marriage

1. John Stuart Mill's "The Subject of Women" discusses the supression of woman, and defends a call to reform. At such a volatile time many of his views were not seen as "conventional." Briefly explain two or three of his points and defend them with his theory.

A1. Woman are forced into an "education" that creates willing obedience. From the time they are brought up they are taught to be submissive to their companions and to "live for others." Even so they have demonstrated a willingness to be freed in several literary works and like previous movements not all will come forth at once but a slow rise in interest that leads to the reform. The nature of woman as we know it is only the product of a supressed gender.

2. Mary Elizabeth Braddon's "Aurora Floyd" oes to great lengths to point out the contrast between Aurora and Lucy, especially through the eyes of Talbot. Why is Talbot so thrown between Aurora and Lucy?

A2. Lucy represents the ideal woman of the Victorian era, whereas Aurora is the product of an ostracized woman in an overly cynical society. Lucy's actions, experiences and conversation matches those deemed appropriate for women of her time whereas Aurora's interest are more innocent and "inapproriate." After the secon visit Talbot is left contemplating the depth of affection between the animals and Aurora and is almost forgetful of who Lucy is. Despite Lucy being an ideal companion that would even make him happy and serve him well, he still can not help but be captivated by Aurora's uncoventional beauty and demeanor that he is constatnyl trying to understand.

1. How do Aurora and her cousin Lucy symbolize the idea of women in Victorian society in reference to their gender roles, expectations of them, and restrictions on them?
Hint: Note the physical descriptions of the two girls, their attitudes and personalities (including what they do with their time), and the reaction of people in the novel such as Bulstrode towards them.

2. What type of impact did the Industrial Revolution have on Victorian Britain?
Hint: Really this could be seen in a positive light (economically as Thomas Babington Macaulay viewed it) or in the negative perception of its affect on the common man?s life (child labor, spread of disease in tenements, etc.)

1: In the Norton Anthology's biography of William Morris, the author mentions that William Butler Yeats, in his autobiography, observes that "if some angel offered him the choice, he would rather live William Morris's life than his own or any other man's." If given the choice, would you like to have lived William Morris's life? Give examples of facets of Morris's life to support your opinion.
-William Morris was a poet, a writer of prose romances, a painter, a designer of furniture, a businessman, a printer, and a leader of the British socialist movement. Because of the many diverse paths Morris took, I can say I might like to have lived a life similar to his, with many areas in which to extend my talents.

Short Answer 2: John Stuart Mill, in "The Subjection of Women," says that "Nothing so much astonishes the people of distant parts of the world, when they first learn anything about England, as to be told that it is under a queen: the thing seems to them so unnatural as to be almost incredible." Furthermore, it can be argued that England was most prosperous when it was ruled by women - Queen Elizabeth in the 15th century, and especially Queen Victoria in the 19th century. In what ways did England flourish under Queen Victoria?
-Industrialization, while it had its drawbacks, ultimately proved beneficial for England.
-England built its empire under Victoria, allowing the nation to exercise its influence and culture on much of the then undiscovered world.
-A middle class was established and eventually granted some power, somewhat helping to bridge the gap between the elite and poor.

1.) ?The Woman Question? has been a topic greatly discussed within this class. Select one work discussed in class dealing with this great debate and effectively argue how this work compares or contrasts Mary Elizabeth Braddon?s conventional Victorian woman, Lucy Floyd.

Answer:
a.) Coventry Patmore?s ?The Angel in the House? compares to Lucy Floyd in the sense that: both are praised for being meek and fair, both idealize the Victorian woman as being a maid to their husband.

b.) Aurora, of Elizabeth Barrett Browning?s ?Aurora Leigh?, contrasts Lucy Floyd?s character because though she initially was required to bind her hair, learn cross stitching, and recite useless facts just as Lucy does, Aurora finds that she can establish herself as an accomplished woman through poetry, defying the conventional Victorian woman?s role.

2.) In Thomas Carlyle?s piece, ?Past and Present?, Carlyle focuses in on the class conditions within England, calling for heroic leadership. List, and briefly discuss, two key points of Carlyle?s solution to this crisis.

Answer:
a.) The aristocracy must be replaced with, what Carlyle termed, the ?Captains of Industry?, or the leaders within the manufacturing business of the time. Carlyle suggested that these elite were able to reform because they were the heroes given the ability to do nature?s work.

b.) The working public must support and encourage this reform. Therefore, the ?Captains of Industry? must utilize their abilities and mobilize workers.

1.) In the poem "Cry of the Children" how and why is EEB using her writing in order to convince people that social reform is needed in terms of child labor?
- pulling at the heart strings to evoke emotion in the reader.
-In turn this becomes an effective way in which readers will want to support social reform.
-She is writing this because of the extreme poverty in which children live therefore having to work long hours in very dangerous places.

2.) In "A Visit to Newgate" the reader almost feels as if they are walking alongside of Dickens and can see what he sees. Dickens makes it very personal. Give two examples where this is the most obvious. Why is he doing this?
-When the girl is talking to who seems like her mother, and the utter pain in her presence.
-When he is in the ward where the prisoners are condemned. They have given up, "On the table lay a Testamnet, but there were no tokens of its having been in recent use.
-He wants people to be more aware of what is going on basically right in front of them. These people are all poor. When one walks down the street they are walking within a few feet of the condemned.

1. Mary Elizabeth Braddon spends a lot of time describing Aurora in Aurora Floyd. In what ways do these descriptions give insight to her character?

Compared to non white women of power, unbound hair shows lack of discipline.

2. In Elizabeth Barrett Browning?s Aurora Leigh, Aurora?s aunt is very conventional in what she lets Aurora learn and do. Name some of them and describe why they are just achievements.

Cross stitching is only for decoration and not for practical use, useless facts, all to please men.

1) In Aurora Floyd the main character behaves in ways peculiar to her class and standing. In what ways is the title character the antithesis of the upper-class Victorian lady? How, as the novel progresses, does she smooth out her ‘rough edges’? In what ways does she continue her unorthodox behavior?

For this question, the respondent should mention the ways in which Aurora does not conform to natural Victorian manners as a lady. She loves being outdoors, riding horses, playing with dogs, betting. The respondent could compare and contrast Lucy and Aurora, with Lucy being the perfect lady and Aurora doing almost everything the complete opposite of Lucy. Examples from her party and the horse-riding incident could be used to show how Aurora is uncaring of what other people think of her, and acts as she likes. When she finally becomes engaged to Talbot, the respondent could discuss the changes she shows toward s Talbot (such as no longer being concerned with betting). Furthermore, the respondent could also show how Aurora acts when she finally marries John Mellish. Examples from her life at Mellish Park could be used to show how she has changed and how she hasn't (such as whipping Softy in public and continuing to bet on horses). As long as examples are used to their full extent, and the respondent shows the manners of Aurora and how different they are from traditional manners, the question should be sufficiently answered.

2) Aurora Floyd had all different types of male Victorian characters. What kind of Victorian personality is Talbot Bulstrode? John Mellish? James Conyers?

For this question, the respondent would have to know the basic types of Victorian men, such as the gentleman, the middle class and the lower class. John Mellish and Talbot Bulstrode are both upper-class gentleman but differ in their views and actions. These two characters could be compared and contrasted as the two type of Victorian gentleman, one who is very conse rvative and led my logic and family value and one who is led by his heart and prefers happiness and love over traditional companionship. An obcious example of the difference in the men could be shown through the way they act when they discover that Aurora has a secret. Mellish prefers to trust his wife whereas Talbot broke the engagement. You could also use examples from their two married lives and how they differ, showing the men's different takes on marriage. As for James Conyers, he is not a gentleman, not a very nice man at all and his personality type should be shown in how he likes to have Softy around (a repulsive man to others) and how he arrogant he is, even though he is of a lower-class standing.

What is the most notable paradox seen throughout John Stuart Mill?s piece, The Subjection of Women? Note at least two examples as to where this idea is referenced.

Why is Turner considered the quintessential artist for John Ruskin? Specifically connect these reasons to the piece we discussed in class, 'Rain, Steam, and Speed - The Great Western Railway'.

1.) In A Visit to Newgate, Charles Dickens takes the reader on a very detailed tour of Newgate Prison, including a description of the location of the press-yard, (the area from which criminals condemned to death started for the place of execution), to Newgate-street and Newgate-market (p.1245, paragraph 2). Explain what purpose Dickens accomplished by describing the prison in this manner.

Notes toward the answer: The press-yard, containing men condemned to death, was separated from Newgate Street and the free inhabitants of London, by only a thin wall. Dickens? physical demonstration of the proximity in which free and condemned men lived helped upper-class citizens realize how very close and realistic these "societal dilemmas" actually were.

2.) What is significant about William Morris? portrayal of Guenevere in The Defence of Guenevere?

Notes toward the answer: Guenevere is usually reviled and we don't usually hear Guenevere speaking. In making his Guenevere very eloquent and skilled at controlling her audience, Morris gives Guenevere a voice and therefore more agency than she has received in the past.

1.Both "Cry of the Children" and "A Visit to Newgate" can be seen as outcries for social reform. Explain how these two pieces relate and what tactics they use to achieve their social agenda.

Answer:
They relate in that both of them are written to make the unseen visible (ie. the child workers and the prisoners who are so close to society yet trapped)and they both address the extent to which industrialization has forgotten these people. They also both want a specific change and direct their writing to persuading you to agree. They do this mostly through sentiment. They put the reader in the place of the dehumanized subject and make him/her feel for the suffering group. They also constantly touch on the issue of what it means to be human to make the audience see that these people are humans too and as such they deserve just treatment.

2. In Braddon's Aurora Floyd how does she touch on the issue of gender during the Victorian period and how does this lead to her construction of what is deemed conventional at this time?

Answer:
She touches on gender by creating a character who although a woman enjoys the pursuits of a man. She uses Talbot as a judge on what is proper for each gender, male and female, and poses Lucy as a model of the female, while a combination of Talbot's virtue and Mellish's sports interests would create the ideal male. Lucy is posed as a foil to Aurora to show what would be deemed conventional, which involves respect, virtue, obedience, silence, elegance, painting, reading of Christian books, etc. Both males lack in some areas of convention since Talbot is in his thirties and not married and far too particular and Mellish lacks a bit of virtue as he bets on horses and encourages Aurora's unrefined behavior.

1.) In Aurora Floyd the two cousins Lucy and Aurora differ in many ways with what was believed proper of Victorian Women. What makes Aurora different from Lucy?

Aurora was considered anti-social in the respect to how she behaved at parties and social gatherings, whereas Lucy was considered a social butterfly that fluttered around groups of people at these gatherings. Aurora was seen as mysterious with her dark hair, complexion and dissappearences while Lucy had light hair and complexion. Aurora spoke up about her feelings and told others about what was on her mind but Lucy acted meak and timid by let others not know what she is feeling. For example Lucy didn?t let Talbot know of her feeling of love towards him but Aurora behaved in a manner of indifference.

2.) In Aurora Leigh Elizabeth Barrett Browning expresses how women were expected to behave in the home with the aunt, what were some of the expectations that women had to subcome to?

The were expected to carry on around the house with entertaining guests ?callers?, read poems, knit, cross-stich, sew, tend to the house and the inhabitants. Expected to take the role of motherhood and was happy to do whatever the man of the house saw fit for them to do. They were responsible for helping the husband?s business relations extend through house calls. Where they shopped also played a key part in the standing of the husband in both social class and business matters. The had to hold their tongue and be meak timid creatures who only spoke nice things of others. The had to be patient of whatever came their way.

1) In the Subjection of Women by John Stuart Mill the author claims that women in society have willingly accepted their place and role in society. Use evidence from other readings to agree or disagree with Mill.

Conservative Writers:
Ellis- Claims women don?t need power because they have influence since they rule the domestic sphere.
Patmore- Women do things for others and not themselves
Ruskin-Women have a unique influence in the house and can apply it to England

If you disagree you can argue that Mill?s statement is a myth because many women have struck out and tried to stand up for themselves. However, it is challenging when the law is not on your side and women legally belong to the husband. Women have no ownership to anything and everything belongs to their husband

2) Throughout the text Elizabeth Braddon makes references such as Aurora Floyd?s hair being down, comparing her to women with dark skin, and stating that her horse had ?strained in a sinew.? What can the reader conclude about Aurora?s character and what may be the cause of it?

Aurora can?t work well in society and she seems to struggle with social norms a lot. For example, when her father threw her birthday party she was not a great host and did not entertain her guests. The author?s reference to Aurora?s hair being down indicates a bad sign and leads the readers to know she is not a good girl. Whenever the author compares her to women with dark features it indicates evilness because the Victorian novels expressed women with dark features as bad. Finally, the horse that was strained symbolized Aurora?s impurity. Stating that the horse got strained was to show that Aurora did certain things with the groom although the reader is not sure what.
Aurora?s upbringing could be due to the fact that she never had a mother figure to teach her how to act in society. The author references Aurora to be bad and impure many times and perhaps this is to symbolize her free spirited nature and not following conforming to society.
1.Dickens? ?A Visit to Newgate? and Elizabeth Barrot Browning?s ?Cry of the Children? call for social reform. Discuss the similarities between them and how they achieve their goals.

Answer: These readings are similar in that they both make the unseen visible (ie. Child workers and prisoners who are so close to freedom yet trapped behind the walls) and they both discuss the extent to which industrialization has forgotten these people. They also both advocate a specific cause. They achieve their goals mostly through sentiment. They place the reader in the position of the suffering subject and make him/ her feel for the people. They also show the dehumanizing effects of these situations and make the audience want these people to receive just treatment as a human being.

2. In Braddon?s ?Aurora Floyd? how does she discuss gender and by doing so what conventions does she construct?

Answer: She discusses gender by creating a main character, Aurora, who is a woman who participates and enjoys the leisure activities of a man. She also uses Talbot to serve as a judge of what is proper for both genders as he investigates Aurora, Lucy, Mellish, and himself. Lucy is used as a foil to Aurora to depict what is conventional of a woman such as obedience, silence, painting, slight knowledge of various things, reading Christian books, etc. A combination of Talbot and Mellish would create a conventional male since both fail in certain aspects. Talbot is virtuous and has served his country, but is also in his thirties and not married and is too particular in his women. On the other hand, Mellish, has the sportsman-like, fierce masculinity, but lacks virtue as he bets on horses and encourages Aurora?s participation in improper activities.

1. What does John Stuart Mill say about how women are brought up in The subjugation of Women?

- Answer: That the duty of women is to negate themselves, to have no life but in their affections and to live for others. (Bottom of p. 1063)

2. What was most controversial about The Great Social Evil?

- Answer: It was a “real” person speaking about prostitution in a time when such things were known but not spoken of.

Short Answer) What is sensation fiction? List its origins, its characteristics, and what has become of it.

It was short lived, ending in 1870?s. It was birthed from other genres, including gothic. Its boundaries are permeable, and the stories usually affect middle-class families. Women are usually the driving force behind the advancement of the plot, ?women are at fault?. ?Good middle-class girls go bad?. The genre disappeared into other genres.

Short Answer) What are some central issues of the Victorian Age?

Industrialization:
A few issues that deal with industrialization: Steam power, steam engine, coal, black lung, mines ? source of controversy. The advent of steam power produced the London Fog (coal smoke)

Gender:
A few issues that deal with gender: relationships started changing, men become ?business men and the advent of the ?business suit?, feminine males are associated with gays.

Empire:
England was a super power at this time.

Class:
People looking differently and hierarchy are a few issues here

In Mills, "The Subjection of Women" how does Mills reconcile the idea of women's inate nature and motherhood with the idea that women have no innate nature, there is no natural state.
-some women will choose motherhood
-ideal is exploration and opportunity for women to discover potential
-custom does not equal truth

In Barret Browning's "The Cry of the Children" how does she use sensationalism and appeal to emotion to move the reader into social action, use specific examples, what does she suggest to improve the situation.
-line 51, better to die before their time
-line 75 factory reform
-line 116, education, do not know 'Our Father'

3.) What about Mary Elizabeth’s Braddon’s Aurora Floyd makes it fit into the genre of the sensation novel?

Notes for answer: The scandalous mystery surrounding Aurora, showing that a woman can bring lower class evils into the homes of the middle class. The differences in the characters of Aurora and Lucy, with Lucy being the blonde “good” one and Aurora being the dark, more scandalous or sexual one. The dialogue between the characters is very dramatic. People getting sick or fainting over emotional things.

4.) In Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Cry of the Children how does she use sentiment to appeal to her readers, and what statement is she trying to make?

Notes for answer: The children in the poem say horrible things like how it would be better for them to die young, and how they don't know God. She is trying to make the reader first see the children, and then see that these children are no different than their own except for their poor circumstances. In doing this she can make the reader sympathize with the children and have negative feelings against the issue of child labor.

1. Explain the aspects of Aurora Floyd that clue the reader into what is going on with the characteristics of womanhood. Describe the differences between the ideal woman and the so-called evil (wild) woman and state examples from the book.

2. Pick one or two key issues of industrialization and explain what they are and how they affected society. Then site works by authors of the Victorian period that addressed these issues and what their stance was on Industrialization.

1. Aurora Floyd is obviously classified as a wild woman. She is instantly introduced to the reader as a woman with long dark hair that is hardly ever tied up. This is the first clue to the reader that she is very sexual. Her skin is also referred to as olive in color, rather than pale like the traditional Victorian woman. Her personality is also an obvious indicator of her wildness. She is fond of riding and loves animals, things not thought to be woman interested. Aurora is never seen sewing or singing in the novel like a traditional Victorian woman would do to pass the time. Aurora is also very anti-social, a quality a future husband would not deem adequate because in order to boost social standing a couple must interact and build a network with those in the surrounding community.

Lucy on the other hand is the model of the perfect Victorian woman. She is very docile and quiet. She knows a little of everything, but not enough of anything to hold a real intellectual conversation. She keeps her feelings to herself and does as she is told. Lucy's appearance also exemplifies the ideal Victorian woman. She has pale skin and is blonde. Her hair is never mentioned as being let loose as Aurora's was in the scene with "Softy." Lucy does the traditional woman work of sewing and singing. She is quite talented at song, and does not take to horses or other animals very well.

2. Some key issues of Industrialization were labor laws, especially for children and building of the empire. Child labor was a huge issue for many people because many children worked in mines for almost a dozen hours a day with hardly any food or water. They were paid poorly and often fell ill or died at an early age because of diseases contracted from their work. In Elizabeth Barret Browning's Poem "The Cry of the Children" she writes about children working in these conditions and how in their innocence they think it would be lucky to die young rather than live poor as they are with little education and hardly enough food to survive. She puts it in the perspective so that the upper classes will look to their children and see what it could have been like for their descendents. Poets wrote about working conditions to make changes in the public policy.

On the other side of the issue was the need for the building of the empire. Many people of the Victorian times wanted Britain to become the major world power. It was thought that this could only be accomplished through rapid industrialization. Thomas Carlyle addresses this issue in "From Past and Present" by attempting to motivate the "Captain's of Industry" or the managers of the factory. He tries to instill in them the needs for moving along their workers to help everyone feel a sense of accomplishment. Without this push, the industry is not going to be as productive and their empire will never be as strong as it could be.

1. In Elizabeth Browning’s Aurora Leigh the women question comes into play quite often through the characters and their identities.

Choose two characters to explain how women were perceived during the Victorian period and make sure to draw comparisons/similarities to the characters you select.

Answer: Aurora’s Aunt: Conservative and conventional women during Victorian time. She wore her hair up tightly, liked to cross stitch, be educated in different languages, and lived to please men.

Aurora Leigh: More of the radical women of the Victorian time. Educated, seen with her hair down, a poet, and a free thinker. Didn’t want to be tied to men, but wanted to be seen as equal.

2. In John Stuart Mill’s The Subjection of Women how were women compared to slavery and suffrage and how did Mill view the current role that women play? What were some suggestions that he established in the text?

Answer: Women were compared to slavery by the fact that their master is their husband and that should love him as well and that this is by nature the way it should be because of how they are physically made up and the way their personalities are nurturing and loving towards people. Mill was against this “natural thing” and felt that women should be given the chance to be educated and choose their path themselves, since no one knows what they are capable of because they have not been given the opportunity.

The relationship between Ruskin and Turner is tied heavily to the Industrial Revolution. Describe why Ruskin was so fascinated by Turner's various works.
- unrealism/ espressionism is more realistic that most paintings of the time
- turner makes emotional experience come to life, little emotion in Victorian period
- depicts beauty in nature and in industrialism
- Ruskin attacks convention, loves gothic

Tennyson's "Ulysses" when viewed in modern Victorian times, makes many statements about the Industrial Revolution and its effects on man. What are his main points?
- no heros anymore, nothing left to explore
- captain/sea imagery
- can't sit in a factory after all his adventures
- can't feel passion and exhiliration

1.In Braddon's Aurora Floyd, the main character has thus far been engaged twice. Name each of the men she was engaged to in order of their occurance, and tell why she did not marry the first.
Talbot Bulstrode
John Mellish
He questioned her disappearance and she could not bring herself to tell him what happened, therefore they did not go on with the engagement.

2.In Thomas Carlyle's Past and Present he makes reference to the term "Captains of Industry." Who does this refer to and why were they given this particular name?
Captains of Industry are the factory owners. They are called "Captains" because the British are very proud of their Navy, and Captain is a word of great praise.

**The ?Woman Question? was an integral part of Victorian life. Choose a character from Braddon?s Aurora Floyd that highlights the main points of the ?Woman Question.? Give specific examples and explain how that character provides a comment on the ?Woman Question.?

Ex: Aurora Floyd? she goes against the ideal of the typical Victorian woman by having dogs and riding horses, and becoming involved in their breeding and racing, and also by beating a man with a whip in public. Her character showcases the ?wild? nature of women that the ?Woman Question? is concerned with.
OR: Could show how Lucy Floyd demonstrates what was ?proper? for Victorian women to do, i.e. pining away for Talbot silently, not showing emotions, having many ?achievements,? etc.

**Discuss Thomas Carlyle?s argument in his work ?Past and Present.? Explain what he writes should be done to keep England from a violent revolution.

Ex: Believes ultimately people hold the power, but are ruled by Captains of Industry (COI). Thinks the COI should become ?heroes? and lead the workers. Believes feudalism was a better system that the COI should employ themselves. In order to prevent a revolution, the workers need to be led by these COI-heroes, reforming from the lower classes up to the higher class.

1) In class we discussed four key issues of the Victorian Period. What are these issues? Explain.
Answer:
Industrialization - change, unsanitary & disease
Gender- relationships are changing, finally a sustained organized movement, the businessman and the business suit are a product of this century
Empire- England as the super power, occupies India, parts of Canada, some islands
Class- system is rigid and the classes look different, you can visually see the difference between the working class and the middle class.

2) Elizabeth Barret Browning?s poem, ?The Cry of the Children?, is a powerful indictment of the appalling use of child labor in the 19th century. Who is her target audience and what is her main purpose?
Answer: she?s speaking to an upper middle-class to show that these children are just like theirs. She is trying to make the problem visible and throw it into their faces so they cannot hide or walk by. Uses sentiment to appeal to one?s emotions in a positive way and excite pity mostly in woman.

1.) Briefly compare and contrast traditional Victorian ideals of womanhood through the actions and appearances of Aurora and Lucy.

Aurora: likes horses and dogs, brown hair and dark skinned, open with emotion, hair is set loose
Lucy: very conventional, light hair and fair skinned, keeps emotions close to her

2.) In the poem "The Cry of the Children," EBB uses sentamentality as a means to accomplish what goal?

Answer: She uses sentamentality to shed light on the problems in England. She gives a voice to the children who commonly go unnoticed and unheard. Through her use of sentamentality, she makes the reader see the children in a way that we probably wouldn't notice them and makes us realize the horrible conditions that they're living in. The emotion brings a light to the children that we might ignore if we were not forced to face that emotion. Such occurances are lines refering to God not even listening to their cries.

3. Discuss "Aurora Floyd" as it is defined as a sensation novel. What attributes might Aurora display that might lead us to pin her as a "sensation heroine?" Make sure to include a definition of sensation novel and examples from chapters 1-15 of the text.
4. Who are the Captains of Industry? Which nineteenth-century social critic whom we have studied popularizes the phrase, and what are his arguments?
3. sensation novel- shortlived (1860's-1870's); brought together other genres such as Gothic novel and Newgate novel; disturbs class/socio-economic boundaries; definitive attribute: chaste woman who becomes sexually available ie "sensation heroine"; always a "detective" character who helps readers solve the mystery
Aurora Floyd as a sensation novel:
- dark, suspenseful secret (Where was Aurora in missing year? Who is JC?)
- violates class boundaries through sensation heroine- Aurora consorts with "dog fancier," Aurora has mysterious affair with groom-- therefore Aurora's family is not protected from lower class influence
-"sensation heroine" in danger of "falling" sexually from her respectable middle-class wife status
- "sensational" propaganda such as letters, newspapers clippings, and informal here-say help us solve the mystery
-possible characters for "detective" role (not yet clear): Mrs. Powell (ensign's wife, maid); "Softy"
4. Captains of Industry- loaded term refering to owners of means of industry and influenced by British mari-time history, meaning highly honorable,"manly man"
-Thomas Carlyle, a social critic interested in class relations and the worker/master relationship
-Carlyle summons an idealized middle-class aristocracy who own property and means of industry to replace the old aristocracy as leaders of society and nobly lead the lower classes to progress and modernity (noblesse oblige- noble obligation to rule people rightly)

1. In Charles Dickens? ?A Visit to Newgate,? how does the author?s depiction of the prison life, specifically dealing with the prisoners sentenced with capital punishment, reflect his call for prison reforms?

-dehumanizing of the prisoners
-sanitary conditions

2. In Robert Browning?s ?Fra Lippo Lippi,? the author uses an artistic friar to contrast the aspects of spirituality and earthly realities. Explain how the author was able to make these comparisons.

- Immoral friar playing with prostitutes
- Painting on the church wall with real sinners
- Revised painting that matches the will of the church elders

1. In Thomas Carlyle's "Past and Present" he titles a section Captains of Industry. What does Carlyle mean by Captains of Industry?
- Really manly men
- Work is what makes men real men
- You must do good work and contribute to society
- He?s saying we have a new middle class aristocracy
- These men should form bonds between workers (feudalism- more of an honor system)

2. Charles Dickens depicts his interpretations of industrial towns in many of his works. What negative effects of Industrialization are represented in his except from "Hard Times"?
- Pollution- there were no pollution controls
- Health problems, dehumanizing effects of industrialization
- Polluted river that ran through the city

1. In the selection from Mill’s The Subjection of Women, he argues for the equality of the sexes, drawing largely on history to support his logic. What are some of the arguments that he presents?

- He speaks of the historical tendency of humans to view the customary as the natural, regardless of what the customary is. He uses historical examples from Classical Greece to the United States of his time to illustrate his point, often comparing the slavery in these cultures to the condition of women in his Britain. He also states that women being allowed to utilize their mental capacities can only benefit society – an almost unassailable logical stroke. He finishes by saying that men are afraid to grant full liberation to women because they fear the consequences on their domestic lives.

2. In Arnold’s Preface to Poems, he presents the prevailing theory of high art during the Victorian era. Briefly describe it. How does it differ from that of the Romantic period?

- As Arnold outlines it, the Victorians’ Neo-Classical theory of high art values the objective, the epic, simplicity, and above all, plot action. While the Romantics focused on beautiful phrasings and sublime subjective emotional expression, the Victorians call for a return to an emphasis on universally appealing action and simplicity/clarity of language. He even criticizes (egads!) Shakespeare for his use of highfalutin language. In all of this, the Neo-Classical takes its cue from the dramas of ancient Greece.

Take-Home Essay

Take Home- Essay

Much debate surrounded the 19th century idea of the ?angel in the house?. Using references from the authors and works you have studied, present both the conservative and feminist response to this view of the role of women in society.

Essay:
In what way did the view of women?s role in society change during the Victorian era in Britain. What was a woman?s purpose traditionally viewed as? What beliefs and events lead to a turn in this gender role?

Essay

What is John Stuart Mill telling his audience in "On Liberty" and how does this reflect the mentality behind society during his time?

Essay: How does Charles Dickens speak out against industrialism in his works?

Essay:
Since beginning Aurora Floyd, we have read several Victorian works depicting heroines that parallel Aurora. Select one of these characters and, In a well-composed essay,discuss how their traits juxtapose those of Aurora.

Answer:
a.) Guenevere of William Morris? ?The Defence of Guenevere?
-both wear hair down, indicating promiscuity
-Guenevere admits that she was wrong in having adulterous relations with Launcelot but stands by her decision just as Aurora is willing to accept the consequences of her mysterious past.

b.) Aurora of Elizabeth Barrett Browning?s, ?Aurora Leigh?
-defies the conventional role of a woman figure
-also indicates wishes to wear hair down

Essay Question
In "Aurora Leigh" how is the conventional woman and the woman poet contrasted and what types of "The Woman Question" issues are brought to the forefront in EEB's poem? How does she make herself seen in the poem and what is the point of this?

In both The Cry of the Children and A Visit to Newgate the authors bring a negative aspect of Victorian life to center stage for all to see. Compare and contrast how Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Charles Dickens make the readers ?see? the problems of industrialization and the prison system.

Put you in their shoes to feel the suffering, show you just how close they are living to the rest of the people.

1) The woman question was a big issue throughout the Victorian Era. Women's view of their roles began changing with more women wishing to be independent and not under the protection and identity of their husband. Using essays from the The "Woman Question": The Victorian Debate about Gender show how Aurora Floyd could be used in favor of these essays and how it could be used against these essays. Make sure to have clear examples and variety.

Throughout the novel, Aurora Floyd, the two female protagonists, Aurora and Lucy Floyd, are continually physically juxtaposed to one another. What do the women?s drastic physical differences signify about their characters? How do the Victorian conventions of beauty, propriety, and the debate about gender tie into these constant comparisons? Use one of the authors found in ?The Woman Question? readings to support who you think would be the more ideal Victorian woman.

1.) Choose one piece from THE "WOMAN QUESTION" and describe how it relates to John Stuart Mill's arguments in THE SUBJECTION OF WOMEN." Give examples.

Essay:

1. Both Mills "On Liberty" and Ruskins "The Stone of Venice" discuss valuing the human over the machine. Compare and Contrasts these two works in terms of Industrialization and Individualism in the Victorian era.

Essay Question

1.) In the Victorian period Industrialization played a big impact on how culture and the times were beginning to change. Compare and contrast the affects that were caused from this factor on history. Who were some of the key authors who wrote about changes occurring through the Industrial Revolution?

Essay

Elizabeth Barrett Browning?s Cry of the Children and Charles Dicken?s A Visit to Newgate emphasis major themes discussed in class. What major themes do you see in both of these works? Compare and contrast both author?s text and discuss the significance of children in Browning?s piece and prisons in Dickens? piece.

1. Explain what the controversy was about the color of hair and skin in nineteenth century novels, and how it is symbolized in Aurora Floyd.
1. Both Mill?s ?On Liberty? and Ruskin?s ?The Stones of Venice? present an argument for the value of the human over the machine. Compare and Contrast these two pieces as they pertain to Industrialization and the Individual.

Essay) Compare and contrast the works of two poets (or authors) we have studied. Is there an agenda to their poetry (or works)? If so, what is it? Is the agenda the same for both poets (or authors) or different? Explain why.

Dickens is a big proponent of social change and uses his writing throughout the Victorian period to alert his readers of the social ills and urge action in reform. Choose another work in which the author urges social reform and explore how this compares to Dicken's techniques in "A VIsit to Newgate."

5.) In Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Aurora Floyd, Aurora does not always behave like the typical Victorian woman was expected to behave. Find another work from this time that talks about the ways in which people believed women ought to behave and compare and contrast this with the character of Aurora.

1. "The Woman Question" posed great conflict for the Victorians. There were mixed opinions about women and their place in society. Describe in detail the surrounding issues of the "woman question" and the arguments posed by writers of the time period.

Essay: Throughout the Victorian period there were many questions brought up on the matter of women and marriage. Mona Caird’s Marriage contains many viewpoints on women and their place in society as well as the marriage question. Chose another selection that we discussed in class and compare its contents to Caird’s and include any similarities or differences.

5. What four key issues are encompassed in the "Woman Question" ? How do the four issues overlap into one another and other issues? Of the novelists and social critics and essayists whom we have studied thus far, who addresses which issues, and what are his/her main arguments?

Essay Question
1. Mary Elizabeth Braddon?s ?Aurora Floyd,? is a sensation novel that illustrates the endless battle of good versus evil in relation to societal expectations. How does Aurora and Lucy Floyd fit into this theme AND how do these characters compare to one other Victorian works we have studdies.

- Contrast Lucy (good, angelic, innocent woman) with Aurora (scandalous, fallen woman, evil)
-Patmore's writings included in the woman question section

Essay

1. Central issues of the Victorian Era were problems with industrialization, gender relationships, empire expansion and class systems. Choose two pieces we have read and show how the authors portray these issues.

Essay:

In a social criticism thinly veiled as a defense of Gothic Architecture, John Ruskin calls for the return of individual creativity in the production of manufactured goods. Citing specific textual examples from his essay and from the modern world of today, support or refute his argument.

Essay Question:
Discuss the key issues that women faced during the Victorian period. Be sure to include examples from selections in "The Woman Question" in the text. Also, be sure to cite both conservative and liberal view points in illustrating the situations and hardships that women coped with daily.

1) Aurora Floyd is a classic Victorian sensation novel. What are some of it?s characteristics that makes it so sensational?
Answer: combination of the Gothic and the Newgate - explain Aurora?s mystery and secret and the suspense,
went beyond particular boundaries- Aurora?s fight with ?Softy?
deals with the middle-class family, the woman of the house is supposed to be pure, but becomes sexually available- explain Aurora?s transformation into the lady of the house but still conceals her secret
good middle-class women gone bad,
Talbot is the amateur detective- he has conflicting feelings after Aurora and John?s marriage and continues to wonder and investigate her secret.

Essay:
**Compare the purpose behind Elizabeth Barrett Browning?s poem ?Cry of the Children,? and Charles Dickens? essay ?A Visit to Newgate.? Also discuss how these works related to the Industrial Revolution

Essay:
In Macaulay's A Review of Southey's Colloquies, he has a much different view on the idea of industrialization. Contrast the main differences in each man's point of view on the neccessity of industrialization.

Essay
Aurora Floyd is engaged to Talbot Bulstrode and then to John Mellish in the first part of the novel. Aurora also seems to change her personality for each man. Does she adobt more conventional victorian roles or more modern roles? What are the characteristics of each and how does she change her behavior to fit in them. Which man does she adobt these different behviors for and why?